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Sabah

  • Description
  • Parameters of the autonomy
  • Illustrations
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Sabah

Description of the autonomy

One of the 13 states of Malaysia, it is located in the north-eastern part of Kalimantan. In the XIX century, it was part of the British colonial empire. When deciding on the issue of the decolonization of Sabah, a project of its accession to the Malay Federation (a state established on the neighboring peninsula of Malacca) was implemented. In 1963, Sabah, as well as Sarawak joined the future state of Malaysia by signing an agreement that gave them some preferences in comparison with the rest of Malay states.

The preferences were mainly based on the specificity of the ethnic composition of Sabah. Since the indigenous population did not speak Malay and, unlike Muslim Malays, professed Christianity or traditional beliefs, the state received the right to use English as its official language and was not subject to the principle that Islam is the official religion. At the same time, the agreement stipulated that the indigenous population of Sabah received the equal rights as the main population of the country, the Malays (bumiputra status).

Among the several indigenous peoples of Sabah, Kadazan-Dusun is the largest one, though their share decreased substantively in the last 40 years from 32 to 18% due to migration. The Malays make up only about 6%. Other ethnic groups include Bajo, Murut, Dayaki among others. Usually, they are localized in specific parts of the state (coastal areas, islands, mountains).

The principle of power-sharing is of particular importance for Sabah's relations with the central government. It is implemented via the National Front, an alliance of ethnic parties, which, along with the national Malayan parties, comprises the party organizations of the other two leading country's ethnic segments (Chinese and Indians), as well as ethnic Sabah and Sarawak parties. This configuration of power provides Sabah with a permanent presence in the central government. Also, a similar model operates at the state level. In general, this allows maintaining a balance in inter-ethnic relations. However, the problem of the distribution of oil revenues remains an acute problem in the relationships between the province and the center, since Sabah (along with Sarawak) is the major area of oil production in the country.

Autonomy's characteristics

  • Year of the creation of the autonomy:
  • Geographic
  • Where is the autonomy situated:
  • Autonomy area: km²
  • Share of the autonomy in the area of the country: %
  • Autonomy population:the latest census thousands of people
  • Share of the autonomy in the population of the country: %
  • Country's characteristics
  • Level of economic development of the country:GDP per capita in 2015 in current price in $ in $
  • Political regime in the country:It is based on the Freedom House Index, 2015. All countries of the world are located on a scale from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free). Countries whose ratings fall between 1.0 and 2.5 are “Free”, between 3.0 and 5.0 are "Partly Free," and those between 5.5 and 7.0 are "Not Free."
  • Economic
  • Share of the autonomy in the economy of the country:GRP of the autonomy divided to GDP of the country (%) %
  • Level of economic development of the autonomy:relative to the country (%): GRP per capita of the autonomy divided to GDP per capita of the country %
  • Ethnic
  • Share of the dominant in the country ethnic group in the population of the autonomy:in %: population size of the dominant in the country ethnic group divided to overal population size of the autonomy (the latest census; expert estimations) %
  • Share of the titular ethnic group in the population of the autonomy:in %: population size of the titular ethnic group of the autonomy divided to overal population size of the autonomy (the latest census; expert estimations) %
  • Ethnic peculiarity:It indicates a key characteristic of autonomy's ethnic identity - language or religion or both
  • Diversity of ethnic composition:The presence of other (in addition to the titular group in the autonomy and the dominant group in the country) significant ethnic groups in the population of the autonomy
  • Political
  • Degree of self-rule of the autonomy:It is based on the Regional Authority Index project that aims at measuring the powers of all the regions in 81 countries. Here the index "tier_selfrule" (2010) is used. It summarizes five dimensions of self-rule: institutional depth; policy scope; fiscal autonomy; borrowing autonomy; and the extent to which a region has an independent legislature and executive. The index takes value from 0 to 18
  • Degree of shared-rule of the autonomy:It is based on the Regional Authority Index project that aims at measuring the powers of all the regions in 81 countries. Here the index "tier_sharedrule" (2010) is used. It summarizes five dimensions of shared-rule: participation of a region in national law-making; intergovernmental meetings; the distribution of national tax revenues; borrowing; and constitutional change. The index takes value from 0 to 12
  • The presence of the "kin-state":"Kin-state" is a state whose main population shares the ethnic characteristics of the titular ethnic group of the autonomy
  • Linguistic preferences:It indicates how the language of the titular ethnic group of the autonomy is learned in secondary schools in the autonomy
  • Ethnic conflicts:It indicates whether the serious conflicts between the autonomy and the central government as well as between ethnic groups within the authority take place in 2001-2015. The level of conflict is determined on the basis of the annual reports of Conflict Barometer

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Added by: LDMitay, 16.11.2017

 
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