Friuli Venezia Giulia - Атлас этнических региональных автономий

Description of the autonomy

One of the five regions with a special status in the Italian Republic, Friuli Venezia Giulia is located in the north-eastern part of the country, between the Italian region of Veneto and the border with Austria and Slovenia. It is relatively developed economically as compared to the average Italian level, but inferior to the other two autonomies of northern Italy (South Tyrol and Valle d'Aosta). It was established after the Second World War from two historically separate areas (Friuli and Venezia Giulia). Friuli now constitutes a part of the massive western part of the region; it joined Italy in 1866 as a part of the Venetian region. Venezia Giulia is the Italian name for a vast area (Kyustendaland or Austrian coastland, Julian Krajna), which was the subject of a lengthy dispute between Italy and Austro-Hungarian empire and later on with Yugoslavia. The current borders were defined during the series of the post-war settlements in 1947 and 1954; they were eventually fixed in 1975. Italy got Trieste and Gorizia with its surroundings. Istria and other territories moved to Yugoslavia (now parts of Slovenia and Croatia).

Granting of special status to the province, which came into force in 1963 by the constitutional law, was linked to the complex nature of its ethnic composition and, above all, the presence of the Slovenian minority. The latter enumerates approximately 50,000 out of 1.2 million inhabitants; their protection is underwritten by Italy's international obligations.

However, it is Friuli rather than Slovens that constitute the titular group in the region. The Friuli language (of Roman origin), is legally recognized as a separate language and, in this capacity must be protected and promoted. About 600 thousand inhabitants use Friuli. Also, several localized German-speaking groups (approximately 3.500 in total) reside in the region. All three minorities mentioned above rely on the similar mechanisms of protection, promotion, and participation in public life. Apart from them there live speakers of the Venetian dialect and some other groups.

Autonomy's characteristics

Year of the creation of the autonomy:

Geographic

Where is the autonomy situated:
Autonomy area: km²
Share of the autonomy in the area of the country: %
Autonomy population:the latest census thousands of people
Share of the autonomy in the population of the country: %

Country's characteristics

Level of economic development of the country:GDP per capita in 2015 in current price in $ in $
Political regime in the country:It is based on the Freedom House Index, 2015. All countries of the world are located on a scale from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free). Countries whose ratings fall between 1.0 and 2.5 are “Free”, between 3.0 and 5.0 are "Partly Free," and those between 5.5 and 7.0 are "Not Free."

Economic

Share of the autonomy in the economy of the country:GRP of the autonomy divided to GDP of the country (%) %
Level of economic development of the autonomy:relative to the country (%): GRP per capita of the autonomy divided to GDP per capita of the country %

Ethnic

Share of the dominant in the country ethnic group in the population of the autonomy:in %: population size of the dominant in the country ethnic group divided to overal population size of the autonomy (the latest census; expert estimations) %
Share of the titular ethnic group in the population of the autonomy:in %: population size of the titular ethnic group of the autonomy divided to overal population size of the autonomy (the latest census; expert estimations) %
Ethnic peculiarity:It indicates a key characteristic of autonomy's ethnic identity - language or religion or both
Diversity of ethnic composition:The presence of other (in addition to the titular group in the autonomy and the dominant group in the country) significant ethnic groups in the population of the autonomy

Political

Degree of self-rule of the autonomy:It is based on the Regional Authority Index project that aims at measuring the powers of all the regions in 81 countries. Here the index "tier_selfrule" (2010) is used. It summarizes five dimensions of self-rule: institutional depth; policy scope; fiscal autonomy; borrowing autonomy; and the extent to which a region has an independent legislature and executive. The index takes value from 0 to 18
Degree of shared-rule of the autonomy:It is based on the Regional Authority Index project that aims at measuring the powers of all the regions in 81 countries. Here the index "tier_sharedrule" (2010) is used. It summarizes five dimensions of shared-rule: participation of a region in national law-making; intergovernmental meetings; the distribution of national tax revenues; borrowing; and constitutional change. The index takes value from 0 to 12
The presence of the "kin-state":"Kin-state" is a state whose main population shares the ethnic characteristics of the titular ethnic group of the autonomy
Linguistic preferences:It indicates how the language of the titular ethnic group of the autonomy is learned in secondary schools in the autonomy
Ethnic conflicts:It indicates whether the serious conflicts between the autonomy and the central government as well as between ethnic groups within the authority take place in 2001-2015. The level of conflict is determined on the basis of the annual reports of Conflict Barometer